Federal Student Loans Made Under the Federal Family Education Loan Program and the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program: Terms and Conditions for Borrowers

David P. Smole
Specialist in Education Policy

The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (DL) program, authorized under Title IV, Part D of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), as amended, is the primary federal student loan program administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED). The program makes available loans to undergraduate and graduate students and the parents of dependent undergraduate students to help them finance their postsecondary education costs. Several types of loans are offered through the DL program: Subsidized Stafford Loans and Unsubsidized Stafford Loans for undergraduate and graduate students; PLUS Loans for graduate students and the parents of dependent undergraduate students; and Consolidation Loans through which borrowers may combine their loans into a single loan. For FY2012, ED estimates that 25.1 million loans (not including Consolidation Loans) totaling $124.3 billion will be made to students and their parents through the DL program.

Until July 1, 2010, Subsidized Stafford Loans, Unsubsidized Stafford Loans, PLUS Loans, and Consolidation Loans were also available through the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program, authorized under Title IV, Part B of the HEA. The SAFRA Act, part of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (HCERA; P.L. 111-152), terminated the authority to make new loans under the FFEL program after June 30, 2010. While new loans may no longer be made through the FFEL program, approximately $384 billion in FFEL program loans are outstanding and are due to be repaid over the coming years.

Under the DL program, which has effectively replaced the FFEL program, loans are made with capital provided by the federal government. Under the FFEL program, loans were made with capital provided by private lenders, and the federal government guaranteed lenders against loss through borrower default, death, permanent disability, or, in limited instances, bankruptcy. When both programs were authorized and making available essentially the same types of loans, institutions of higher education (IHEs) were permitted to select the program of their choice.

The loans made through the FFEL and DL programs are low-interest loans, with maximum interest rates for each type of loan established by statute. Subsidized Stafford Loans are unique in that they are only available to students demonstrating financial need. The Secretary of Education pays the interest that accrues on Subsidized Stafford Loans while borrowers are in school, during a six-month grace period, and during authorized periods of deferment. Unsubsidized Stafford Loans and PLUS Loans are available to borrowers irrespective of their financial need; and borrowers are responsible for paying all the interest that accrues on these loans.

FFEL and DL program loans have terms and conditions that may be more favorable to borrowers than private and other non-federal loans. These beneficial terms and conditions include interest rates that are often lower than rates that might be obtained from other lenders, opportunities for repayment relief through deferment and forbearance, loan consolidation, and several loan forgiveness programs.

In recent years, numerous changes to the terms and conditions of FFEL and DL program loans have been made under the College Cost Reduction and Access Act (P.L. 110-84), the Ensuring Continued Access to Student Loans Act (P.L. 110-227), the Higher Education Opportunity Act (P.L. 110-315), the 2009 technical corrections to the HEA (P.L. 111-39), and the SAFRA Act. This report describes the terms and conditions of loans currently available to borrowers through the DL program and of loans made in recent years through the FFEL and DL programs. It will be updated as warranted to reflect programmatic changes.


Date of Report: July 19, 2011
Number of Pages: 66
Order Number: R40122
Price: $29.95

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Financial Aid for Students: Print and Web Guides

Laura L. Monagle
Information Research Specialist

This report includes a list of books and Internet sources that may help Members of Congress and staff locate student financial aid information for prospective, current, or graduating college and university students. Students themselves are often in the best position to determine which aid programs they may qualify for and which best meet their needs. This list includes both general and comprehensive works, as well as ones targeted toward specific types of aid and circumstances (e.g., non-need-based scholarships; female and minority students; students studying abroad; or veterans, military personnel, and their dependents). When possible, the summer release dates for 2012 publications are included as a tool for those doing early planning.

Many of the websites (i.e., College Board, FastWeb, Peterson’s) listed in this report enable a student to conduct and save general and individualized scholarship, grant, and loan searches on a variety of issues, including intended area of study. Some of these listed resources also contain information on repaying, forgiving, decreasing, or discharging incurred educational financial debt through a variety of options, such as employment in certain professions or localities. Many of these listed resources may also be found through social networking websites (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) or through other electronic downloadable formats; some of the publishers may initially release their most current editions via these formats. The works cited should be considered as samples of the types of guides available in a variety of hard copy and electronic formats through libraries, high school guidance offices, college financial aid offices, and the Web. Individual publishing services may be consulted for additional publications. Many public libraries provide access to the Internet for public use.


Date of Report: June 24, 2011
Number of Pages: 23
Order Number: RL33451
Price: $29.95

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Document available via e-mail as a pdf file or in paper form.
To order, e-mail Penny Hill Press or call us at 301-253-0881. Provide a Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover card number, expiration date, and name on the card. Indicate whether you want e-mail or postal delivery. Phone orders are preferred and receive priority processing.